介绍
作为人类，我们自然容易健忘、分心和犯错误。即使在我们最神圣的礼拜行为中，例如礼拜，我们的思想也会走神，导致我们在执行的拉克阿次数或步骤顺序上犯错误。认识到人类的这一弱点，阿拉（SWT）以其无限的仁慈提供了一个美丽的机制来纠正这些错误，而不需要我们重复整个祈祷。这种机制称为Sajdah Sahw（健忘大礼拜）。了解如何以及何时进行 Sajdah Sahw 对于每个穆斯林来说至关重要，以保护其日常祈祷的有效性。
Section 1: When is Sajdah Sahw Required?
仅当祈祷期间犯了特定类型的错误时才需要 Sajdah Sahw：
- 遗忘地省略瓦吉布（必要的）动作： 如果您忘记执行萨拉赫的瓦吉布动作，例如背诵古兰经开端章、在前两个拜中背诵额外的古兰经、坐第一个塔沙胡德或在威特尔中背诵杜阿奎努特。
- 忘记添加一个动作： 如果您在祈祷中添加额外的动作，例如进行额外的鞠躬 (Ruku)、额外的礼拜 (Sajdah) 或站立额外的 Rak'ah。
- 延迟支柱（Rukn）：如果您由于困惑或思考而延迟执行义务行动（Rukn）。
- 对拜次数的怀疑： 如果你不确定自己拜了三拜还是四拜，并且你是一个经常怀疑的人。
Important Note: Sajdah Sahw cannot make up for a missed Fard (Obligatory) Pillar (such as bowing or prostrating). If a Fard action is missed, the prayer is invalid, and you must repeat the entire prayer. Similarly, missing a Sunnah action does not require Sajdah Sahw.
第 2 部分：如何进行 Sajdah Sahw
There are two primary methods of performing Sajdah Sahw, both based on authentic Sunnah practices. Worshippers usually follow the method established in their school of jurisprudence:
Method 1: Before the Taslim (Shafi'i, Maliki, and Hanbali Schools)
- Complete the final sitting, reciting the Tashahhud, Salat-alan-Nabi, and the final Dua.
- Before saying the final Salam, say "Allahu Akbar" and go down into prostration (Sajdah). Recite the normal praises three times.
- Rise from prostration saying "Allahu Akbar" and sit briefly.
- Go down into a second prostration saying "Allahu Akbar" and recite the praises.
- 起身坐姿，向左右念诵“Taslim”（萨拉姆），完成祈祷。
Method 2: After the Taslim (Hanafi School)
- In the final sitting, recite the Tashahhud only.
- Turn your head to the right and say one Salam: "Assalamu Alaikum wa Rahmatullah".
- Immediately say "Allahu Akbar" and perform two prostrations (Sajdahs) with their normal praises, sitting briefly between them.
- 第二次大礼拜后，坐直，再次念诵《Tashahhud》、《Salat-alan-Nabi》和最后的《Dua》。
- Complete the prayer by performing the full Taslim (Salam) to the right and left.
Section 3: Hadith Evidences on Sajdah Sahw
The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) himself experienced forgetfulness in prayer to teach his companions how to handle these situations.
In a famous Hadith, the Prophet (peace be upon him) stood up after two Rak'ahs in a four-unit prayer without sitting for the first Tashahhud. The companion Abdullah bin Buhainah narrated:
"The Prophet (peace be upon him) led us in prayer, and he stood up at the end of the first two Rak'ahs and did not sit (for Tashahhud). The people stood up with him. When he finished the prayer and we expected him to say the Salam, he said the Takbeer while sitting and performed two prostrations before saying the Salam, then he said the Salam." — 收集于《布哈里圣训实录》和《穆斯林圣训实录》
In another narration, the Prophet (peace be upon him) explained what to do in case of doubt:
"If one of you doubts in his prayer and does not know whether he has prayed three or four Rak'ahs, let him cast aside doubt and build upon what he is certain of (the lower number). Then let him perform two prostrations before saying the Salam." — Narrated by Abu Sa'id al-Khudri, Collected in Sahih Muslim (Hadith 571)
第 4 节：针对日常错误的实际规则
以下是常见场景的实用规则：
- 忘记第一个Tashahhud： 如果你在第三拜时站起来忘记了第一次坐姿，并且在完全站直之前意识到这一点，请坐下来背诵Tashahhud。如果您已经完全站直，请不要再坐下；完成祈祷并在最后执行 Sajdah Sahw。
- Doubt in Rak'ahs (Occasional): If you rarely have doubts and suddenly get confused, choose the lower number (e.g., if doubting between 3 and 4, assume you have prayed 3) and complete the prayer, then perform Sajdah Sahw.
- 跟随伊玛目祈祷： 如果伊玛目犯了错误并执行了 Sajdah Sahw，您必须跟随他，即使您自己没有犯错误。如果你加入会众的时间较晚，而伊玛目正在做斋戒，你必须和他一起做斋戒，然后站起来补回你错过的斋戒。
第 5 节：实践课程：克服干扰
虽然 Sajdah Sahw 是仁慈的，但我们应该通过提高注意力来努力减少错误：
- Understand what you recite: Focus on the meaning of the verses to keep your mind from wandering.
- Look at the place of prostration: Avoid looking around; keep your eyes fixed on the spot where your forehead touches the ground.
- 寻求庇护，远离撒旦： 在开始祈祷之前，有意识地向安拉寻求庇护，免受撒旦（waswas）的低语的影响。
- Learn the Rulings: Take time to study the details of Sajdah Sahw so you can act confidently when a mistake occurs.
- Slow Down: Rushing through your prayer is the primary cause of forgetfulness. Take your time in each posture.
Common Questions (FAQ)
1. 如果我忘记进行 Sajdah Sahw 并在说了 Salam 后才意识到该怎么办？
如果您在说完“萨拉姆”后不久意识到自己错过了瓦吉布动作，并且您没有背离朝拜或与任何人交谈，您可以立即进行两次礼拜，坐下来做“萨拉姆”，然后再次说“萨拉姆”。一些学者认为，如果已经过去很长时间或者您已经打破了小净，那么您的祈祷仍然有效，而另一些学者则建议如果错过了主要的瓦吉卜，则重复祈祷。
2. 我可以因为忘记圣行行为而进行 Sajdah Sahw 吗？
不，Sajdah Sahw 不会因为错过圣行动作而被立法（例如举手做 Takbeer 或背诵特定的祈求）。为圣行行为而进行斋戒是不必要的，也是不鼓励的。
3. 如果我在斋戒期间再次犯错怎么办？
如果你在进行遗忘大礼拜时犯了错误，你就不会再进行一次礼拜。一套 Sajdah Sahw 足以涵盖一次祈祷中所犯的所有错误。
4. 如果我怀疑自己是否做错了怎么办？
如果怀疑只是一闪而过的想法，没有证据，那就忽略它。只有当您相当确定自己错过了瓦吉布动作或在祈祷中添加了某些内容时，您才应该执行 Sajdah Sahw。
5. 为什么叫“忘却大礼拜”？
它被称为 Sajdah Sahw，因为“Sahw”在阿拉伯语中的意思是忽视、忘记或分心。俯伏是对这些人类疏忽的纠正，并羞辱撒旦，因为撒旦试图分散我们对敬拜的注意力。
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